PM2.5 is one of the most concerning air pollution problems affecting people in many areas, especially during periods of high pollution levels. Due to its extremely small size, these particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and even enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and other health problems.
Understanding how to recognize symptoms caused by PM2.5 exposure can help you take proper care of your health and prevent complications.
What is PM2.5?
PM2.5 (Particulate Matter 2.5) refers to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller, which is about 20–25 times smaller than a human hair.
These particles can remain suspended in the air for long periods and, when inhaled, can travel into:
– The respiratory tract
– The lung alveoli
– The bloodstream
This can lead to inflammation and affect multiple body systems
Sources of PM2.5
PM2.5 can come from various sources, including:
- Vehicle emissions and traffic pollution
- Open burning (agricultural waste, leaves, garbage)
- Industrial emissions
- Construction activities
- Wildfires
- Cooking smoke (e.g., charcoal stoves)
- Cigarette smoke and e-cigarettes
Symptoms of PM2.5 Exposure
Symptoms vary depending on exposure levels and individual health conditions.
1. Respiratory Symptoms
- Coughing, throat or nasal irritation
- Chest tightness
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Asthma exacerbation
2. Irritation Symptoms
- Eye irritation, watery eyes
- Runny or congested nose
- Frequent sneezing
3. General Symptoms
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Nausea
Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure
Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 may increase the risk of:
- Allergic respiratory diseases
- Asthma
- Pneumonia
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Stroke
- Lung cancer (classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization)
High-Risk Groups
Some individuals are more vulnerable to PM2.5 exposure, including:
- Young children
- Elderly individuals
- Pregnant women
- People with lung diseases (e.g., asthma, emphysema)
- Patients with heart disease
- Individuals with allergies
These groups should avoid outdoor activities when air pollution levels are high.
How to Protect Yourself from PM2.5
To reduce health risks:
- Check air quality levels before going outside via reliable apps or websites (e.g., Air4Thai, IQAir)
- Avoid outdoor activities when PM2.5 exceeds 75 µg/m³
- Wear an N95 mask or equivalent, ensuring a proper fit over the nose and mouth
- Keep doors and windows closed to prevent indoor pollution
- Use an air purifier with a HEPA filter
- Wear protective glasses to reduce eye irritation
- Stay hydrated and get enough rest
- Eat fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) to reduce inflammation
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience:
- Severe shortness of breath (unable to speak full sentences)
- Severe chest tightness
- Persistent or worsening cough
- Wheezing
- Asthma attacks
- Bluish lips or fingertips (medical emergency—go to the hospital immediately)
Regular health check-ups and medical consultation can help reduce complications and ensure proper lung care.
Contact Information
If you are experiencing symptoms, you are encouraged to consult a doctor.
For more information, please contact the Outpatient Department
Tel: 052-011999 ext. 128
